Infectious Diseases of Establishment

Infectious Diseases of Establishment 

An infectious disease occurs when a pathogenic organism causes swelling or dysfunction of the organ. This can be caused directly by the virus, because when the etiologic agent multiplies in the coordinator, or indirectly as a result of the host's inflammatory reaction. Many infections are subconscious to not produce any clear manifestations of the disease.

To generate the over-the-counter virus, all microorganisms should undergo the following steps: 

• Microbial should 
• come into the host, 
• get into the coordinator, 
• multiply and spread through the entry website, and 
• Trigger tissue injury, either directly (eg, cytotoxic) or indirectly (host inflammatory response).

The severity of the virus ranges from asymptomatic to life, and this course can be known as acute, subtle, or chronic. Regardless of whether the virus is subclinical or overtight, the result is either 

(1) resolution (for example, eradication from an infectious disease pathogen), 

(2)(continuously) a couple of active viruses (e.g., HIV or hepatitis), 

(3) prolonged asymptomatic emissions Agent (e.g., carrier state with Salmonella typhi), 

(4) Delay of agents within the coordinator tissues (e.g., latent tuberculosis), or 

(5) Death of the coordinator of the virus.

Except for congenital infection (acquired in the uterus) due to agents such as Rubella virus, T pallidum and cytomegalovirus, humans first come into microorganisms at birth. During division, newborn baby comes in contact with the micro-organisms inside the vaginal canal and on its skin. Most newborn encounters from bacteria do not trigger damage, and for those who may be the cause of the virus, in the newborn, the person is usually immune to passive immunity through the antibody obtained from the mother in the uterus.

For example, against the infection with H influenza, newborn infants increase the chance of infection with maternal antibody until 6 months of passive immune warranty and this bacterial infection. On the other hand, newborns whose mothers are colonized with B-streptococci, are associated with this organism to increase the risk during the perinatal period for serious infections such as sepsis or meningitis.

Infectious Diseases Direct access to the coordinator 

(i.e., bypassing normal chemical and physical barriers) occurs through direct penetration. This can happen when (1) a insect vector directly injures the infectious disease agent for the host (mosquito-spreading mosquitoes), (2) through the loss of integrity of bacterial skin or mucous membrane (trauma or surgical injury) Coordinators gain direct access to the tissues, or (iii) germs gain access through devices or catheter which is usually used to communicate between sterile websites and the outside world. Nomination (for example, to stop the venous catheter)

Inflate occurs when an infectious disease agent enters the host through an aperture with the external environment. This involves ingestion of infectious disease aerosolized droplets (Muberkeriosis) or contaminated food items (Salmonella, Hepatitis A virus). Other infectious disease agents directly infect the mucous membrane or cross the epithelial surface due to the virus.

It usually occurs in sexually transmitted diseases. For example, HIV can cross the mucous membrane of the vagina by entering the virus-filled macrophages from the semen. Immediately after the initial arrival with the host, the infectious disease agent should be successfully multiplied at the entry point.

The process through which newly formed microorganisms compete successfully and multiply with normal vegetation, which is called colonization (eg, pneumococci upper colonization of the upper respiratory tract). When microorganisms typically multiply on a sterile site, it is called a virus (for example, within the alveoli, multiple of pneumococci, which leads to pneumonia).

Elements that facilitate 

The multiplication and dissemination of infections include inoculum size (the amount of ongoing infectious disease organisms), coordinator physiologic factors (eg, the disrupted ciliary function in children with cystic fibrosis), the availability of nutrients for micro-organisms, Physical-chemical agents (e.g., gastric pH), microbial virus element and microbial sanctuary (e.g., boils).

A boil is a special case by which the coordinator has added the virus, but is unable to erase it, and these local infections usually require surgical drainage. Once released, with Epidermis (Impetigo), along with dermis (arciipalus), with the subcutaneous tissues (cellulitis), with a fasal plenum (necrotizing fasciitis), in muscular tissues (myocytosis) Can spread with nerves (distinct thrombophlebitis). Blood (Bacteria, Fungemia, Viremia, etc.), with lymphatic (lymphangitis), and in organs (for example, pneumonia, brain abscess, hepatitis).

Infections directly hurt the coordinator through a variety of mechanisms. 

If the organisms are present in sufficient numbers and are of sufficient size, then mechanical obstruction can occur (e.g., children with RO roundworm GI infection can be present with intestinal obstruction).

Typically, pathogens trigger an acute secondary inflammatory reaction, resulting in life-threatening complications (e.g.For children with HP Influenza Epiglottis, the acute soft tissue of epiglisis may be present for inflammation of the mechanical airway interference secondary).

Some bacteria produce neurotoxins that directly cause cell damage (e.g., inhibitory neurons in tetanus toxin, produce tired motor neuron stimulants, appear physically as the muscular stiffness of the muscles). Host cell death can be caused by a variety of mechanisms. Shigella produces a cytotoxin which causes the death of large intestine enterocytes, resulting in diabetes syndrome.

Poliovirus-induced cell lymphatic paralysis of the anterior horn cells from the spinal cord leads to paralysis. Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin can begin a cascade of cytokine release, which results in sepsis syndrome and septic shock. The course of the time of an infection can be depicted as intense, subtle, or continuous, and its severity may vary from asymptomatic to the threat of survival.

Many infections that start as light and very easy to treat conditions progress easily without treatment. Small with toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) -producing s orris, appears to be the result of negligible skin extracts, lung infection, and death. Even infectious disease infections arising from Streptococcus veritas, such as infectious endocarditis, can be fatal unless they are recognized and treated as appropriate.

There are three possible outcomes of infection: 

Recovery, Chronic Virus, and Death. Most infections resolve, possibly involuntarily (such as rhinovirus, major triggers from the common cold) or with medical therapy (e.g., after the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis with penicillin). Persistent infection can either be saprophytic, in which case the organ does not adversely affect the health of the coordinator; Or parasites harm the productive tissue coordinator.

An example from the former is salmonella typhi, which can be asymptomatic within about 2% of the gallbladder after immediately after acute infection. Chronic infection with Hepatitis B virus can be either saprophytic, in which case the human coordinator is an infectious disease for that virus, but there is no diagnostic proof of liver damage or parasitic damage with progressive liver damage and cirrhosis.

One final form of the continuous virus is tissue latency.

Viricola-Zoster virus, chickenpox-producing agent, survives in the dorsal root ganglia, causes a dermatomal blast with vesicles or shallow ulcers with reactivation, which is commonly known as herpes. When the capacity of the immune system is probably to control acute or chronic infection, the virus can be the result of the coordinator's death.

One unified topic is that all infectious disease agents, regardless of specific mechanisms, must successfully reproduce and protect the host protection mechanism. This knowledge helps the physician to avoid infection (e.g., vaccination against influenza virus); When the virus occurs, to treat and cure (eg, antibiotics for the transition of e-coli urinary tract); And when the virus can not be cured to avoid further transmission, repetition, or reactivation (eg, obstruction protection to reduce sexual transmission of genital herpes simplex infection).